Operators

Arithmetic Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Assignment Operators
Conditional Operators
Comma Operators

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Arithmetic Operators
There are five types of operators
Addition ( + )
Subtraction ( - )
Multiplication ( * )
Division ( / )
Modulo Division ( % )

We are very familiar with the first four operators, they are simple mathematics and work same so explaining them is really not necessary, we need to know only about modulo division because this is what you may not familiar with.

Modulo Division
It will return the remainder.
e.g. 4%2 = 0
we can not use decimal value in it. Using decimal value will give an error.

Relational Operator
The operators which compares two values. There are six relational operators
Less Than ( < )
Greater Than ( > )
Less Than Equal to ( <=)
Greater Than Equal to ( >= )
Equal to Equal to ( = = )
Not Equal to ( !=)

The definitions are already clear from the names.

Logical Operators
Three type of logical operators:
AND (&&)
OR ( || )
NOT ( ! )

AND
If you are using this then every statement must be true for the execution of the next statement.
e.g.
a=10
b=10
if(a==10 && b == 10)
cout<<"true";

OR
For this operator any single statement must be true.
e.g.
a=10
if(a==10 || a==5)
cout<<"true";

NOT
In this statement any of the statements must not true.

Assignment Operators
Their 6 types of assignment operators used to assign values.
Equal to ( = )
e.g. a = 10

Plus Equal to ( + = )
e.g. a + = 10 (a = a+10)

Minus Equal to ( - = )
e.g. a - = 10 (a = a-10)

Multiply Equal to ( * = )
e.g. a * = 10 (a = a*10)

Divide Equal to ( / = )
e.g. a / = 10 (a = a /10)

Modulo Equal to ( % = )
e.g. a % = 10 (a = a%10)

Conditional Operators
The conditional expression can be used as shorthand for some if-else statements. It is a ternary operator. This operator consist of two symbols: the question mark (?) and the colon (:).

The general syntax of the conditional operator is:
Identifier = (test expression)? Expression1: Expression2 ;

e.g.

Instead of writing
if (x < y) 
{
min = x;
}
else
{
min = y;
}

You just say...
min = (x < y) ? x : y;

Comma Operator
A set of expression is separated by this operator ( , ). 
e.g. int i,j,k;

Data Types

The four fundamental data types are:
Character
Integer
float
Double

---

Character
char is a data type used for storing a single character. If we store an integer on this data type it will correspond to ASCII character (65 for letter A).
Syntax
char variable_name = value;
char takes one byte from memory.

Type	Bytes	Range
char	1	-127 to 127
unsigned char	1	0 to 255
signed char	1	-127 to 127

Integer
Integer is a datatype which stores a whole number (no fractional part), the number can be positive or negative.

Syntax
int variable_name = value;

Type	Bytes	Range
int	2	-32,767 to 32,767
unsigned int	2	0 to 65,535
signed int	2	-32,767 to 32,767
short int	2	-32,767 to 32,767
unsigned short int	2	0 to 65,535
signed short int	2	-32,767 to 32,767
long int	4	-2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647
signed long int	4	-2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned long int	4	0 to 4,294,967,295

Float
Float stores number with decimal values. It takes 4 bytes of memory.

Syntax
float variable_name = value;

Double
Double can hold larger number with a high degree of precision. It takes 8 bytes of memory.

Identifier, Keywords & Variables

1. Identifier

2. Keywords
3. Variables

Identifier
The name given to program elements often to variables. The rules of giving name are:

1. Characters (a-z, A-Z) and numbers (0-9) and underscore( _ ) can only be used. 
2. An identifier must start from a character or underscore we can not start the name with numbers. 
3. As we know that C++ is a case sensitive language so case is distinguishable i.e. ID and id can be used as separate identifiers. 
4. We can not use a keyword as an identifier. 

Legal Identifiers
Variable_One
_variable2
this_is_your_identifier

Illegal Identifiers
1variable
:variable
this is your identifier

Keywords
These are standard identifier that are predefined in C++.
Rules of Keywords:

1. Keywords can be only used for their defined purpose. 
2. Keywords can't be used as an identifier. 
3. Keywords can't be used as a variable name. 

Some common keywords are: void, long, else, do, goto, char, int etc.
Variables
Variable is the name given to a specific memory location to store some values, the size is depends on the type of the variable which is declared by the programmer.

The syntax of declaring a variable is
data_type variable_name = value

Rules of declaring variable

1. All variable must be declared before its use in the program. 
2. All declaration of the same data type can be separated by comma (,) and the declaration is terminated by semi colon (;) 

e.g.
int a,b,c;  
float x;
char z;

Your First Program

Now you installed the compiler on your computer. Open the compiler and type the following code.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
    clrscr();
    cout<<"Welcome to C++\n";
    getch();
}

After typing the above code press F9 to make your executable file of your program. 

Source Code 

After pressing F9 a dialogue box will open giving you the path of your executable fill with the message that your file is up to date. 

Now press Ctrl + F9 to run your program. You will see your output. You can press any key to exit from the output screen.

Output

Now you from the above code you can see that it is started with '#' (hash). In Programming Language we do not pronounce it as hash, it is called as a preprocessor directive after that include that simply means something is going to be included and then the angle bracket (<>) starts, in the angle bracket we have to write the name of the header file which we need to include in the program.

iostream stands for input output stream, conio stands for console input output and  .h is the extension of the header file.

void main()

This is the main function of your program. The syntax of writing a function is

<return type> <function name> <simple parenthesis>

void is the return type of function main, void means the function will return nothing.

main

Every program will have a main function. The program starts from main function and in an individual program only one main can possible.

()

Simple Parenthesis, it is the syntax of writing a function as said above.

{ 

}

Now, curly bracket starts means the body of the program starts. The whole program is written under the bracket.

clrscr();

Stands for clear screen. It clears the screen from all previous output and make fresh blank screen.

cout

Stands for console out, it is the output function which will give the output of the input and will print the messages on screen.

<<

Bitwise left shift operator it is the syntax of the command cout.

" "

In double quotes we have to write the message called string.

\n

Escape sequence used for inserting new line it will not appear in the output but it will give a new line to our output.

; (semi colon)

Statement terminator,  works as full stop in programming, every statement terminates with semi colon.

getch();

A function under the header file conio.h. It reads a character from the keyboard without displaying it. It is not  really necessary in the above program but we need to put this function to see the output screen. It will hold the output screen until we don't press a key from the keyboard.

C++ Compiler

What is a Compiler?

You are learning a Programming Language but the computer don't understand this language. You need a translator who will translate your program so that the computer can understand. We can say that the compiler is a translator. The compiler converts your source code to another computer language. Now we can define the compiler as:

A compiler is a computer program that transforms our source code written in programming language to the target language often as binary code or object code. 

There are a lots of compiler available in internet you can google it to download, but i personally recommend you to use Turbo C++. From the link given below you can download it for free. 

If you are having trouble with this compiler then you can choose from a lots of alternatives some is given below:

CFree 5

Borland Turbo C++

Dev C++

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